1. INTRODUCTION

Well logging is an interesting method that deals with the subsurface layers providing every necessary detail required about them. The process basically involves specialized tools which are sent down through the well bore to gather the information about the subsurface properties. This data collected is represented over a series of measurements covered over the depth range of the well bore and this assimilation is collectively known as well logs.

The first well log was made in 1927 at Pechelbronn Field in Alsace, France. Invented by the Schlumberger brothers, Marcel and Conrad, the tool measured the electrical resistance of the earth’s subsurface. They recorded the data at each meter as they retrieved the sonde, a specialized tool suspended from the cable, from the borehole. This data log of the corresponding resistivity change was used to identify the location of oil.

The well logs are useful in defining a number of parameters that include physical rock characteristics, lithology, mineralogy, pore geometry, porosity and permeability. By interpretation of the well log data we can also estimate the productive zones with their thickness and depth by defining the basic parameters like fluid composition and relative saturation. The other prominent methods that involve the well data is relating them to seismic to obtain a proper correlation pattern that will help in confirming the hydrocarbon presence.

For oil and gas prospecting the well data helps in the rock type identification of geological environment, reservoir fluid contact location and fracture detection. One can also estimate the total hydrocarbon in place along with the recoverable hydrocarbon. Determination of water salinity, reservoir pressure, porosity or pore size distribution is also done with its help. The other properties that can be interpreted from the data are water flood feasibility, reservoir quality mapping, interzone fluid communication probability and reservoir fluid movement monitoring.

Applications of well logging data differ according to the specified specializations.

For the Geologist:
1.Depths of formation tops.
2. Geological environment and hydrocarbon accumulation.
3. Presence of hydrocarbons and its quantity.4.What are the reserves?
5. Conditions for an offset well.

For the Geophysicist:
1.Predicted formation tops.
2. Potential zone analysis for properties such as porosity as assumed from seismic data.
3. Analysis of synthetic seismic sections.

For the Drilling Engineer:
1.Hole volume for cementing.
2. Presence of any Key-Seats or severe Dog-legs.
3. Location for a good packer seat for testing.
4. Location to set a Whipstock.

For the Reservoir Engineer:
1.Thickness of pay zone.
2. Homogeneity of the section.
3. Volume of hydrocarbon per cubic meter.
4. Duration of well pay-out.

For the Production Engineer:
1.Determination of well completion zones.
2. Expected production rate.
3. Chances for water production.
4. Suitable well completion methods.
5. Determination of hydraulically isolated potential pay zone.
2. Methods of Logging

Open-hole Logging

Performed on a well before the wellbore has been cased and cemented.
Logging is done through the bare rock sides of the formation.
Common type of logging method because the measurements are not obstructed.
Done during or after the well has been drilled.

Cased-hole Logging

Retrieve logging measurements through the well casing, or the metal piping that is inserted into the well during completion operations.
Cased-hole logging is performed more rarely but it provides valuable information about the well.

Power Tools for Kids?

Kids and power tools? Conventional wisdom seems to suggest that kids and power tools don’t mix or is a recipe for disaster. Many parents of eager children interested in what Daddy is doing in the garage opt instead to purchase very kid friendly tool toys. Maybe too kid friendly. Cordless drills are a perfect example of a power tool that can be kid friendly as well as a handy extra power tool to have around the house. If you think your household might be in the market for a proper power tool for one of your kids, here are some helpful hints for selecting the perfect drill.

Drill Size and Weight

The size of a cordless drill you intend to purchase for your children is a very important consideration. Manufacturers often define the size of their cordless drills by the voltage associated with it. To be considered a cordless drill rather than a cordless screwdriver, a voltage of at least 12-volts is nominal. Despite a slight appearance, don’t let these mini-monsters fool you. 12-volt cordless drills pack a serious punch of torque in a nicely weighted, tight package. Another benefit of buying in the 12-volt class is that many retailers including Amazon sell 12 volt cordless drills in multi or combo packages that offer two or sometimes up to 5 different cordless tools at one discounted price. If purchasing a singe drill, make certain it has two batteries and a carrying case for easy transport.

Power Rating

Regardless of brand, you can expect a great deal of torque power from a standard cordless 12-volt drill. Power ratings for an average 12-volt drill range from 275-325 pound feet of torque. Bear in mind that this purchase is primarily for your child and too much power is unnecessary and potentially dangerous. Kids will have the tendency to hold the trigger on the drill longer than necessary while fastening a screw. A drill that has too much torque could pull the drill right out of their hands and cause injury. That brings us to the safety precautions.

Safety

Let me state very concisely that following. I in no way advocate or encourage the use of any power tool by kids without adult supervision. Home improvement is a useful hobby that your kids would benefit from learning. But only if the education is provided by an adult who uses strict safety habits and equipment. It would be smart to start off by letting your children squeeze the trigger of the drill while you hold it steady until they feel comfortable with the torque and operability.
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If your kids aren’t ready for power tools yet, consider purchasing a starting set of hand tools and a tool belt.

Conclusion

Buying a cordless drill specifically for your kids can be a great introduction of a hobby. Valuable skills passed down by you can last a lifetime. Let size, weight, and power or torque be your guide in the purchase process and always, always keep safety at the forefront. Always supervise any activity that involves power tools. Please see take a look at a few tutorials below that highlight benefits of 12-volt cordless drills. Happy Drilling!

Source
The Cordless Drill.

Can there be any doubt the cordless drill has revolutionized the job of any skilled laborer or craftsmen? Literally, for some skilled tradesmen the cordless drill has knocked off hours from each and every day for him or her, and made them far more productive than they once were within the hours they did work.

Of course electric drills have been around for a fair amount of time, however, the cordless drill provides mobility far beyond the plug into the wall socket electric drills, and greater safety besides. With a cordless drill, the peril of a nicked electrical cord, or getting the cord tangled in something or another are gone, and besides, rolling out and rolling back up long extension cords can be very tedious – especially for jobs when the drill is needed, but the greater power provided by one hundred and twenty volts isn’t so necessary.

So far as drills go, they aren’t going anywhere – according to Wikipedia humanity has been using some sort of something or another to drill holes for various purposes for at least thirty five hundred years, and I suspect that, in fact, using some sort of tool or rock or something to drill a hole has been with humanity as a constant bit of working or building of various and sundry things for far longer still.
What Are The Uses Of A Cordless Drill?

Not to bore anyone to tears, but the truth of the matter is that most often in my two major lines of skilled labor or work, the cordless drill isn’t used so much for the drilling of holes as it is for the fastening or unfastening of things to or from a solid surface. In other words, cordless drills get used a lot as cordless screwdrivers, or cordless nut-drivers.

Especially in the HVAC industry, everything is fastened together with either quarter inch hex head screws, or five sixteenths inch hex head screws, but because these screws can often be very very tight or rather rusted and old, the power of the cordless drill is very much needed in many cases, as this prevents the use of a pair of channel lock pliers in conjunction with a nut-driver tool.

This Fall and Winter, I’m working as an electrician, and the electrician is more one to be screwing fixtures together with traditional Philips head or flat head screws, or even actually drilling holes into things to insert a screw, as the situation might call for.

It doesn’t much matter if you use a cordless drill in your mode of employment or not, in this day and age of things forever being fastened together by screws of various and sundry shapes and sizes, it is practically an essential tool to have on hand at the homestead, whether you be male, female, old or young. Practical applications within the home or on a job involving a cordless drill are for all intents and practical purposes more than anyone could ever get around to naming or listing.
A Pre Battery Powered Cordless Drill.
Source
The History Of Cordless Drills.

According to Wikipedia cordless drills have been in the use of humankind for at least thirty five hundred years. I suspect that number is nowhere near big enough, as the history of the world is far far vaster and greater than it is presented to us dumbed down Americans in our corporation controlled indoctrination books.

Please keep in mind that what a cordless drill could look like or be made from greatly surpass the sort of thing one generally has flash in their mind when the term cordless drill, comes to pass through there.

The Wikipedia article on drills mentions the Harappans and Egyptians, but obviously what is shown above as a hand powered and very cordless drill is not what we’re truly concerning ourselves with here, as of course, we’re talking about battery powered cordless drills in the modern homestead and the modern workforce. What is shown below is also very much NOT the things used by cultures from the distant past.

I’m told via this link here, that for all intents and practical purposes the technology behind what now constitutes the battery powered cordless drill originated with the German corporation known as Bosch. Despite all that, the biggest three names in cordless drills, from my own experience, seem to be those of DeWalt, Makita, and Milwaukee.

The reality is that while most craftsmen I know use either a DeWalt or a Milwaukee cordless drill, some of the older guys refer to all cordless drills of any brand as “Makitas.”
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Makita BHP454 18-Volt LXT 1/2-Inch Lithium-Ion Cordless Hammer Drill Kit
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Makita DF010DSE 7.2-Volt Lithium-Ion Cordless Driver-Drill Kit with Auto-Stop Clutch
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Makita Cordless Drills

The Makita cordless drill company has been around since 1915 when it was established in Japan, in 1970 they established a US subsidiary, and their stock is actively traded publicly all over the world. Makita has established itself firmly in the power tools market and as I’d stated before, some people, older craftsmen and contractors, will simply refer to a cordless drill as a “Makita.”

Sadly for the value of the product and the consumer too, the year 1993 saw the Makita corporation setting up factories in China, but of course that matters not too much to someone simply looking for a cordless drill.

Makita is still “Japan’s largest manufacturer of power tools,” despite them not being made in Japan much anymore. Of course we see how multi national corporations work. Makita makes a huge array of power tools for all industries, but the general opinion I am hearing out in the field and on the job is that their products do not stand as firmly in the minds of craftsmen here in the USA as do those by either DeWalt or Milwaukee.

Now one shouldn’t think that the three brands I’m going to discuss here are the only ones out there making good cordless drills, that would be very far from the reality, and in fact, these three brands I am going to discuss are very recognizable, and very desired by all the local thieves wherever you live.

So far as myself and the work that I do, no single drill will truly suffice for the simple reason that the larger 18 volt drills are too big to carry in a tool pouch all day, they’ll roll out of the thing, fall, and get damaged. Often times if I’m simply opening up a condenser or hanging a light fixture, then the smaller 7.2 volt drill will more than suffice, and those CAN typically be fitted into a tool bag or tool pouch safely without fear of the thing falling out.

The big 18 volt drills, of course, have more settings and more capability, and when the drilling of holes through dense metals is the job, then those are certainly the drills to have.

Machine tools are vital to modern technology, for they are capable of shaping metal to the precise dimensions required by the system of mass production and interchangeable parts. Machine tools are applied to metal pieces that have been forged, rolled, or cast. They remove unwanted metal and produce the exact size and shape desired. After machining, many articles are further finished by grinding.

The many different types of machine tools can be loosely grouped according to the types of surfaces on which they are particularly useful and by the chief operation they perform. Some machine tools are highly specialized, while others are multipurpose and can operate on a variety of surfaces. Surfaces that are shaped or finished by machine tools include cylinders, both external and internal; flat surfaces and surfaces made up of planes; curves and surfaces made up of a number of curves; spirals, such as internal and external screw threads; and gear teeth of various types.
Types of Machine Tools

Drilling Machines. Drilling machines are used to cut internal cylinders into metal parts. They are capable of drilling holes up to several inches in diameter or several feet deep. The usual tool in drilling machines is a twist drill with spiral grooves for the removal of waste metal. It is mounted either horizontally or vertically and is able to move into or away from the work-piece. If a hole is to be drilled at an angle, the table supporting the workpiece is adjusted. In radial drills the mechanism supporting the cutting tool can be moved to various positions over the work for drilling a series of holes. Some drilling machines use more than one cutting tool simultaneously.

Boring Machines. Boring is the enlargement of an existing hole. Boring is necessary to produce accurate holes because drilling is not a precise operation. Like drilling machines, boring machines employ a cutting tool with rotary motion. However, a boring tool is normally a single pointed cutter mounted perpendicularly to a bar. The bar carries the tool into the hole to be bored. Boring machines can cut holes several feet in diameter, and they can be adapted for working external cylinders.

Both drilling and boring machines may use reaming tools for finishing internal cylinders. Reaming tools have cutting edges along the axis of rotation.

Lathes. Lathes are versatile machine tools especially adapted for reducing the outside diameters of cylindrical work. They perform an operation called turning, in which the workpiece is rotated and a single-point cutting tool is brought against it. Lathes are also capable of drilling, boring, thread cutting, and other operations. Other uses include: turning the ends of a component by a facing operation; producing axially symmetric contoured surfaces with suitable copying or numerical control equipment; and thread cutting, axial drilling and boring, and other operations.

Planers and Shapers. These machines are used for machining plane surfaces. Planers are usually very large machines with a stationary cutting tool. The moving bed of a planer carries the work past the cutting edge. Shapers are smaller machines in which a single-edged tool moves back and forth, cutting into the work on the forward stroke. The work is carried past the cutter (mounted horizontally or vertically) by a worktable adjusted to various heights and angles. Such cuts are called flat cuts. In addition, planers and shapers can be used to cut grooves and bevels.

Milling Machines. Milling machines are the most versatile of all machine tools. They are widely used for machining plane surfaces, but with special tools they can drill, bore, and cut gears. The tools usually used on milling machines are many-edged rotary cutters. The tool is mounted horizontally or vertically over a table that can make many complicated motions. For machining curved contours the table movements are governed by a lever mechanism that traces a model of the surface to be cut. Shapers can also cut curves by a similar method. For machining two dimensional or three dimensional contours, special copying or numerical control equipment is required. Shapers can also cut curves by tracing a model.

Broaching Machines. Broaching tools, or broaches, are generally made to fit the particular surface to be worked. The broaching machine is particularly suited to the machining of irregular surfaces. Broaching machines normally operate by pulling a broach over or through a section of the workpiece. The broaching machine has parallel cutting edges with each edge slightly larger than the one preceding it, so that a single movement of the tool results in a series of cuts in the work-piece. Broaching machines are commonly employed to cut internal keyways or splines. They are used in the mass production of precision surfaces in the automobile and aircraft industries.

Special Machines. For the quantity production of gears and screw threads, specialized machines are used. Threads can be cut with single-point tools or by tools with many edges in the same size and pattern as the threads to be cut. Gears are usually produced either by form tools, which have cutting edges shaped like the spaces to be cut between gear teeth, or by a generating process, in which the cutting edges are of a different shape but are moved while cutting to generate a space of the required shape. One gear-cutting tool using the generating process is called the hobber.

Power Saws. Although most machine tools are capable of cutting a line entirely through a workpiece, there are power saws designed for this purpose. The power hacksaw, like the similar hand tool, has a toothed blade that is moved back and forth across the work. The circular saw utilizes a circular blade, which brings more teeth to bear on the work. Most versatile of all power saws is the band saw, whose blade is an endless loop. It can cut curves as well as straight lines.

Cutting Fluids. Most machine tool operations require the use of a cutting fluid to cool and lubricate the cutting tool and the workpiece. If cooling is the chief object, an oil-and-water emulsion is used. If more lubrication is necessary, a mineral oil compound serves as the cutting fluid.

Electric-Discharge Machining. In electric-discharge machines, metal removal is brought about by means of an electric arc discharge produced under carefully controlled conditions. The cutting tool is machined to the size and shape of the opening or recess that is to be made. This tool and the piece that is to be machined are then placed close together in a dielectric fluid, and an electric voltage is applied between the two. This causes a large number of small sparks to pass from the surface of the cutting tool to the surface of the work. The action of the sparks causes metal from the workpiece to be melted or vaporized. The tool advances slowly into the workpiece, producing a recess of the desired shape.

Electrochemical Machining. Electrochemical machining is a process in which a piece of metal is shaped by means of an electrochemical reaction. The cutting action is similar to electroplating, but in the reverse direction, the metal being dissolved away from the workpiece rather than deposited on it. Electrochemical machining is more rapid but less accurate than electric-discharge machining.

Ultrasonic Machining. Ultrasonic machining is machining in which the cutting tool vibrates in an abrasive slurry at a frequency above the range of human hearing, typically about 20,000 hertz (cycles per second). The method is especially valuable for machining complex shapes in nonconductive materials, on which the electrical methods just described cannot be used. The tool is formed to the same shape as the opening desired in the workpiece and an abrasive slurry flows between the tool and the workpiece. The resulting grinding action removes material from the workpiece.

Laser Machining. In laser machining, cutting is done by the action of a narrow beam of high-energy coherent monochromatic light. Although the method works well for drilling small holes in very hard or refractory material and for certain small precision-welding jobs, the equipment required is complex and expensive and the process is difficult to control. High powered lasers are now capable of cutting through several millimeters of steel at high speed. Laser machining is becoming routine in many industries.
SHOPMASTER LATHE MILL COMBINATION CNC and Manual functions, comes with huge tool package
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Numerical Control

Machine tools can be operated automatically by means of a the object programmed in two or three axis (it used to be on paper tapes punched with numerical data that control the machine, now it’s transferred into the onboard computer via cables). This saves a great deal of labor in repetitive work, and it has also proved to be economical for many small machining jobs.

The feed motions of drills, lathes, and milling and boring and other machines can also be controlled by a computer. The computer converts the required component dimensions into command signals that drive servo mechanisms attached to the feed motions. Numerically controlled machines can be linked to computer controlled work handling equipment to form machining systems. They can also be linked to computer aided design systems that specify the required shape of a workpiece, such as a turbine blade.

Common cordless drill kits

As an electrician I own and use cordless tools a great deal with the most common being cordless drill and sawzall kits. I also use a cordless circular saw and an cordless impact driver along with a few others that seldom leave my toolbox. I have owned Ridgid, Dewalt and Milwaukee tool sets and have used a few others, but those are the three common brands in my area.

A popular cordless drill kit today consists of a drill, sawzall, a flashlight using the same battery and perhaps a cordless circular saw. It will also have 1 or two batteries and a charger to charge either one or two batteries at a time. Cordless sets consisting of a drill or drill and sawzall are also common and perhaps of more benefit to the homeowner, although I use the flashlight a good deal around the home as I always have a charged battery for it. More and more of the cordless impact drivers are being seen in toolboxes; they are a popular addition to the cordless line.
General Considerations

While cordless tools have been an enormous boon for the construction worker, they may or may not be a good choice for homeowner. Owners that only use their cordless drill a few times a year to drill a small hole or tighten a screw here and there will find their batteries discharged and ruined from lack of use. Batteries left unused will lose their charge from internal leakage and if not charged periodically will deteriorate to the point they will neither accept a full charge nor hold one. Neither are new batteries cheap – an 18 volt nicad battery will cost around $50 or more, with the newer lithium batteries being much higher.

While a drill is unquestionably one of the tools a homeowner needs to have on hand, the sawzall is not used nearly as much. Yes, it can trim bushes and make rough cuts in wood but it just doesn’t see the use around most homes that a drill that can also drive screws does. A cordless circular saw can be very nice to make a quick cut through a 2 X 4, but it takes a lot of power and the battery doesn’t last long. They are also small and light: good for cutting panelling or plywood but not intended to cut large amounts of heavier lumber. If a cordless tool is expected to only see use a few times a year then perhaps a corded tool would be a better purchase – they are much cheaper and battery charging is eliminated. On the other hand, if a homeowner does some home improvement projects of even a good bit of repair work a cordless drill kit with a sawzall can be a very nice addition to their toolbox.

If a cordless tool is to be purchased, make sure it is at least an 18 volt tool. While it is true that these are powerful tools and can injure the user if used carelessly they are the minimum necessary even around the home. Smaller, lower voltage tools just don’t have the power for drilling any but the smaller holes or driving a few small screws. The batteries also don’t last very long in the 12 or 14.4 volt range which means that a fresh battery always needs to be readily available. Make sure that the tool kit, even if only a drill, has at least two batteries – there is little more annoying than to start a task and then have to wait an hour while charging the only battery. With at least two batteries one battery can be charging while the other is being used although if heavy use or use of multiple tools is anticipated a third battery can be very nice. If it is within the budget the newer lithium batteries are much preferable as they last longer and are considerably lighter in weight.
Ridgid cordless drill kit
Ridgid cordless drill kit

My current cordless drill kit was made by Ridgid and consists of a drill, sawzall, flashlight, circular saw, planer, and impact driver. At the time of purchase Ridgid offered a lifetime warranty on the entire set (the impact driver and planer were sold separately) including the batteries; as the batteries always need replacement about once a year for me it seemed a good deal. It is a 24 volt lithium set which added to the value as the lithium batteries last a lot longer between charges and are considerably lighter.

The cordless drill is comparable in power to the Milwaukee and Dewalt sets but is considerably heavier without the battery; when the battery is added the weight is only slightly heavier, but that extra weight is still an annoyance when using it all day and that is compounded by the fact the drill is not very well balanced. After only a year of use the bearings need replaced, as does the trigger, and I don’t feel that is an acceptable lifespan.

The sawzall is also very heavy and awkward. The “foot” is adjustable, and that is a nice feature, but it continually falls out – it is only a matter of time until it is lost completely. The sawzall has slowed down, particularly in cold weather, to the point that is nearly useless after a year – again an unsatisfactory performance.

The batteries are lightweight and contain considerable power, but have a very annoying feature in that some kind of switch inside “kills” the battery under heavy current draw. If the drill or sawzall locks up (jams and stops moving) the battery dies and requires the charger to re-activate it. As the charger may be across the workplace charging another battery it is often very inconvenient to “re-start” the battery, so special care must be taken to never lock up the tool. Personally, I believe that most people are smart enough to release the trigger when jammed; the extra safety feature is unneeded and a total waste. In addition I have been told that extra batteries cost as much as $250 – nearly as much as I paid for the set with two batteries in it!

The one time I had the tool (a battery) in for service it took nearly 2 months to simply get a replacement battery, and this is also unacceptable. I make my living with these tools and cannot afford to be without them for extended periods.

Final analysis: I will not purchase another Ridgid cordless tool. Although I have been pleased with the impact driver and with the planer (what little I have used it) the problems in dealing with the rest of the set will prevent further purchases.
Dewalt cordless drill kit
Dewalt cordless tools from Amazon
DEWALT DCK240C2 20v Lithium Drill Driver/Impact Combo Kit (1.3Ah)
DEWALT DCK240C2 20v Lithium Drill Driver/Impact Combo Kit (1.3Ah)
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Dewalt cordless drill kit

My backup cordless drill set is made by Dewalt and I have been pleased with it. The bearings in the drill are weakening and the chuck wobbles a tiny bit, but this is after two years of hard use, which I find acceptable.

The cordless drill is well balanced and smaller than other brands which can be very handy in getting into small areas. I prefer the Milwaukee sawzall as the Dewalt tool produces a lot of vibration and can be a little hard to use, but it is not unacceptable in this regard – it just could be a little better.

I prefer the Dewalt flashlight over all of the others – the “snake” head makes it very easy to point the light just where it is needed and makes a good carry handle. Bulbs are expensive if purchased from Dewalt, but there are other manufacturers that work just as well and are much cheaper. Dewalt made two sizes of circular saw – my current one is the larger and much improved version. The original circular saw from Dewalt was very small and not very ergonomically designed but the larger size has eliminated most of my objections there. It is still small and underpowered as all cordless circular saws are, but will cut a few 2X4’s and a good deal of panelling before needing a battery change and that is all I require of it.

Final analysis: Dewalt makes a very good tool and, depending on price, may well be the next set that I purchase. In addition, Dewalt makes a wide variety of other cordless tools using the same battery and charger. Even such things as a rotary laser level are available using their battery system.
Milwaukee cordless drill in action
Milwaukee cordless drill kits from Amazon
Milwaukee 2457-20 M12 3/8 Ratchet tool Only
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Milwaukee cordless drill kit

I have owned a Milwaukee cordless drill in the past and have used their sawzall and am impressed with both. My first drill was a few years ago and was not the current “T” configuration; the handle protruded down from the end of the drill and this made it extremely unbalanced. Milwaukee has corrected this with later models in the “T” shape and it has made an enormous difference.

Milwaukee has always, in my opinion, made the “smoothest” operating tools around. There is very little vibration even in the sawzall and after a long day of use it can really make a difference to the user. Drill and sawzall triggers operate better, with smoother and more consistent speed changes and this helps a lot when driving screws or cutting with the sawzall. The “bending” feature of the sawzall can be very useful at times in small, hard to reach areas. I haven’t used their circular saw, but have little doubt that it will share the same quality as the other tools, including lifespan. In that regard, Milwaukee ranks up with Dewalt with little repair needed after 2 years or more of heavy use in most cases.

Final analysis: If it were not for the fact that I still have 6 good Dewalt batteries ($300 value) I would probably purchase the Milwaukee set. The sawzall is a little on the large size and heavy as a result but the positives mostly outweigh that objection.

An Economic Sign of Trouble

Getting caught in the payday loan trap is common In today’s economy. With gas prices approaching $4.00 per gallon, food prices rising at record rates and health insurance costs rising as much as 20 percent in one year, there is one relatively new industry that is flourishing by feeding off the financially challenged. The payday loan industry is experiencing tremendous growth in recent years. Virtually unknown only several years ago, the loan stores are opening up almost daily in every low and middle income neighborhood in the states where they are legal. The internet has virtually thousands of sites where anyone, with a job and direct deposit, can get a loan deposited directly into their account with no credit check. The internet lenders are generally more predatory in nature than their storefront counterparts as they are not regulated and can charge interest rates that would be usurious and illegal in any other financial industry. Many of them allow customers to rollover their loans until the next pay period for a fee rather than paying it off in full. Some actually make it extremely difficult to pay in full by requiring 72 hour notice by fax prior to the ACH withdrawal date. They know that most people do not have faxes in their homes and will generally will not remember to do it. For example, if George takes out a 500.00 loan on the internet and agrees to pay back 600.00 on his payday by allowing the payday loan company to ACH debit his account, he will receive an email stating that his loan is due on the 15th. This email is sent on the 11th and says, if he wishes to pay the loan in full, he must fill out and email, or fax, the attached statement within 24 hours. It is Sunday and he does not see the email until Monday morning. He is now at work and tries to fill out the form on line to email back but cannot type in the blanks. He does not want to print it for fear of his coworkers seeing it so he waits until he gets home. Now it is too late. The company will take the 100.00 from his account and he still owes them 600.00 on the next paydate. The problem now is his rent is due on that date also.
Getting Trapped

The 1st of the month is quickly appoaching and George begins hearing a noise from the front brakes in his car. He takes it to the shop and is told that he waited too long and they have to cut the rotors and replace the pads. They also disovered his brake lines to be dangerouly worn, Total cost 375.00. He has no choice but to pay. Now, between rolling over his 600.00 loan again and subracting the cash for his repairs, George has found himself short of the rent. So what does he do?. He goes back on the internet antd takes another loan from a different company for $300.00 more. Now he owes 900.00 with 300.00 due on the 15th from the second loan and 600.00 also due the same day on the first loan. However, this time, he realizes that the 600.00 has to be paid in full as only two rollovers are allowed and the 300.00 he can rollover at a cost of 60.00. There goes most of his check leaving him short of his utility bills and car insurance so he starts to panic and takes a third loan for 500.00.

As a moderator and counsellor on a prominent website dealing with debt, it is not uncommon to see guests who come there looking for help with as many as a dozen payday loans or even more. Some of them have paid as much a $1000.00 on a $300.00 loan. They are ashamed and scared to a point of insomnia and can no longer focus on anything, including their jobs. One person, as I learned later, had become suicidal. It is a very difficult situation but there is a way out. The poverbial light at the end of the tunnel does exist..

Escaping the Trap

The very first thing a person should do to get out the the payday loan trap, is to list all the loans they have by category (internet or storefront) the amount borrowed from each and the total amount paid to each, including interest and rollovers. The next thing to do is to check the lending laws of the state you live in to determine the maximum interest allowed and are rollovers permitted. Contrary to what the lenders will tell you, most states require lenders to be licensed in the state, regardless of their geographic location, and must abide by the laws of that particular state. Most, but not all, internet lenders are not licensed anywhere and many are located offshore with only mail drops in the US. Wilmington Delaware has a huge number at a Mail Boxes Etc.there due to the the states soft lending laws. A helpful site for this info is http://www.paydayloaninfo.org/.

After you have determined the above, you must see if any of them are members of the CFSA, a membership organization of payday lenders. These will almost always be the storefront lenders. Their members are required, under the membership rules, to set up payment plans for those who are in trouble. You must however request a plan before you default. Because the storefronts are legal operations, and abiding by state laws, you are required to repay your loan and interest or they can sue you for the amount plus attorney fees and court costs. Contact them and tell them you need to make arrangements and they will usually be obliging..

The next step out of the payday loan trap is to close that checking account before the next pay date and ask your payroll department for a live check for a while until you feel it is safe to open a new account. Do not let any of the internet lenders know in advance of your plans or they will hit your account immediately. You must then send a letter to each of the lenders revoking any wage assignment agreement you may have signed and give a copy to your payroll department. Wage assignments are not garnishments and can be legally revoked by the signer at anytime. The lenders will still send the assignment to your employer, regardless of the revocation, but at least you will not have your paycheck handed over to them. You must also check with your bank to be sure they will not force open your account if an ACH withdrawal comes through after you close it. Once you have done all this you have your life back and can make the internet lenders deal with you on your terms and not theirs. Remember to never give them any new account info or card information. They can clean you out. Pay them only by money order, wire or preypayed debit card.

You have at least a moral obligation, when caught in the payday loan trap, to pay back what you borrowed plus interest under the laws of your state. Make it clear to them in writing that this is what you are paying and not a cent more. You can expect nasty phone calls, threatening you with arrest at your job and all sorts of other illegal nonsense, of which they cannot follow though. Do not allow them to intimidate you. Stand your ground. Some will turn you over to third party collectors. If that happens you must send the collector a debt validation letter asking them to prove that the debt is yours, how they arrived at the amount and that the lender is licensed in your state. Nine times out of ten you will never hear from them again. Remember if an internet payday lender is illegal in your state they will not have the power to collect there and they know it. They will resort to intimidation as their only recourse. The few that are licensed will be much easier to deal with and will usually come to a settlement agreement with you, For those who choose the path of harassment, send them certified, cease communication letters and do not hesitate to file complaints with the Better Business Bureau, the Attorney General in your state and the state where they say they are located, the financial regulatory agency of your state and the FTC.

Remember, if you are ensnared in the payday loan trap, that most payday lenders are predators and their sole purpose for existence is to suck as much from their financially vulnerable victims as is possible. Escaping them is traveling an avenue that is difficult and stressful but it is the only road that will lead to freedom from the snare that that entangles so many in this era of economic turmoil.

Dealing With Debt Collectors

Payday loans are among the most easiest of loan types that anyone with a full time job and a regular stream of monthly income can apply for. Payday loan providers often do not carry out credit checks on their applicants and this makes them quite attractive to a lot of people who often fall short of funds halfway through the month. However, as easy as they may be to apply for and actually get the money, things start getting unpleasant when you fail to repay what your borrowed in a timely manner. Payday loan companies are often among the most aggressive of loan providers when it comes to debt collection.

Know Your Rights
Regardless of what your purpose of loan application may have been, if you borrowed from a payday loan provider and are currently facing harassment from them because of your inability to repay, you may want to look at how to sue a payday loan company because there are laws governing the whole practice to protect you as a consumer. These loan providers take advantage of your ignorance about finance laws and use it to their advantage. The key is therefore for you to know your rights and understand exactly what the legal consequence of failing to repay a payday loan is.

You Can Not Be Arrested Or Have Your Assets Seized
You should understand that payday loan providers cannot threaten to arrest you or seize your assets with immediate effect for failure to repay. If you get threatening phone calls, you should make it clear to them that you know your rights very well and that they have no legal basis to threaten you. Moreover, there are legislations in place to restrict the amount of money you can be sued for by payday loan companies on bounced checks and this makes it extremely difficult for them to hire attorneys as they lack sufficient grounds for a solid case.

How To Sue A Payday Loan Company?
Many states have restrictions on the maximum amount of interest a payday loan company can charge for lending and there are laws they are expected to abide by for lending and subsequently dealing with borrowers who cannot repay on time. Therefore, depending upon your location, you may have a range of grounds to fight back harassment from payday loan companies as discussed below.

1) Payday loan providers can be sued for charging excessive interest on their loans if you can prove that they operated against state laws by charging more than what the law allows them to. These companies often look for loop-holes in state laws and attempt to benefit from it. If you know your rights, there is very little they can do against you.

2) You can sue them for harassment because state laws prohibit them from making false threats and from lying to you about the consequences of your loan. However, you stand a better chance of being contacted by foreign collectors who feel they are immune from state laws. If that is the case, you can simply ignore their calls as there is nothing they can do against you.

If you have sufficient grounds to pursue a case against a payday loan provider, you may get in touch with your local, non-profit debt management agency or seek the help of a law firm specializing is such cases.

7 Steps to Get out of the Pay Day Loan Cycle

If you are struggling with payday loan(s) or you know someone struggling to payoff payday loan(s), please share this article. Here is a proven strategy that can be used to get you out of the payday loan cycle without filing bankruptcy or risking damaging your credit. Again, please review the following steps carefully and share this article with anyone you think may benefit from the information.

Step 1: Do not get another payday loan–no matter what happens. Basically, stop adding new interest debt.

Step 2: Get Organized. This step is particularly important if you have more than one payday loan. Write the name of each payday loan company, its corporate phone number, loan due date, interest rate, and amount due each pay period. Use a calendar and organize the information you collect. This will give you perspective and help you effectively organize a clear plan of action.

Step 3: Determine if Payday Loan Company is a CFSA Member. Contact each pay day loan corporate office and confirm whether or not they are a CFSA (Community Financial Services Association) Member. Most operating payday loan companies are members of CFSA . As a member, these companies are required to offer solutions to help consumers needing more time to pay back their financial obligation. One of these options CFSA member companies provide is an Extended Payment Plan (EPP). CFSA member companies are required to provide this option to any customer for any reason and at no additional cost.

Many employees may not be familiar with these terms so this is why you must speak to someone in corporate office and insist on speaking with a manager. (You should also read through your contract carefully and sometimes this information is plainly stated in the terms of your contract. Even if it is not listed on your contract, it may still be an undisclosed option).

Basically, to qualify for the CFSA EPP a customer must simply ask for the EPP by close of business on the last business day before the loan’s due date. This must be done by returning to the office where the loan originated or by using whatever method was used to obtain the loan. The customer will be required to sign an amendment to the loan agreement reflecting the new payment schedule. Under an EPP agreement, a customer may pay the transaction balance in four equal payments coinciding with periodic pay dates.

Again, there is no charge to enter into an EPP and the interest on your loan will stop while you are in this agreement. However, if a customer defaults on an EPP, a lender may charge an EPP fee and accelerate payment on the balance remaining, as authorized by law. The lender will not begin collection activities while a customer is enrolled in the EPP as long as all obligations under the EPP are met. Which means all collections calls must stop while you are in this agreement. (Note: You can have more than one EPP arrangement with different companies at one time.)

Step 4: Agressively attack your payday loans. Start with the biggest payday loan (Loan A) and work yourself down to the smallest one. This loan will usually have the most interest charged. Visit the storefront for (Loan A) and request an EPP on the day before your loan is due. Once you sign the appropriate paperwork you are typically granted and extension until the next payment due date. (So instead of your payment being due the day after you enter into the EPP installment payment, your payment will not be due until the next payment due date.)

Do not waste your cash, rather save any money you were planning to use to pay on (Loan A) the next day towards your first EPP installment payment which will be due in a couple of weeks. Again, it is important that you do not default on this EPP agreement.

Continue to pay at least the minimum due on any other existing payday loans w/out EPP Agreements. Note: Sometimes paying off your loans completely and refinancing is less expensive than just paying interest. For instance if you owe $650 to payoff Loan B and your interest is $100 you can opt to pay $650 and immediately refinance $550. Either way you are out $100 but since you have reduced your principal you may slightly lessen your interest rate. Every dollar you can save counts!!

Step 5: Develop a plan to gain extra money. Get a part time job; work overtime at your current place of business; have a garage sale; and/or contact your bank/credit union and see if you are eligible for an Advanced Deposit, Overdraft Protection, or a small personal loan. If you are successful dedicate these extra funds completely to paying off your payday loans. (Note: The fees/interest you pay in overdraft fees or a small personal loan will pale in comparison to the interest you are paying with your payday loan.) Remember, you must maximize every dollar and commit to using every extra dollar towards paying off you payday loans.

Step 6: Repeat step 4. The next pay cycle repeat step 4 with Loan B. If you need more leverage just wait a couple of pay cycles in between your EPP requests for Loan A and Loan B. Continue this process until all loans are paid in full. As soon as you pay off your first EPP installment loan continue to aggressively set up and pay on any remaining EPP installments. Remember if you have successfully entered into an EPP installment payment agreement with a payday loan company, you DO NOT have to worry about interest accruing; however, you must be sure you do not default on your agreement. So be realistic and DO NOT open too many EPP agreements at one time. Stagger these EPP agreements as needed to ensure you will not default!

Step 7: Start a savings. Once you have successfully paid off all of your payday loans, you WILL NOT be eligible for obtaining another payday loan from those particular companies for 12 months. This is actually a good thing as this will help you to commit to a budget from this point forward. You should now start a savings plan and prepare for future emergencies. Once you break this payday loan cycle you should have renewed confidence in you own ability to save for future emergencies that will inevitably happen.

Drilling tools are very important for professional technicians. These tools are many and they function differently, because each has its unique design. The drill press tool is among the varieties of drill gadgets you could buy. This device has other names such as a pillar drill, a bench drill or a pedestal drill. Usually, the tool has a fixed design such that its pillar or column attaches to a base. The base in this case could be a worktable, a bench, a stand or the floor. Briefly, the parts of this drill are:

• A base
• A column or a pillar
• A quill or a spindle
• A drill head and
• A table

All the parts work together to facilitate the work that you choose to do with the drill press. Normally, the drill head is huge, with a set of three handles that spread out from a central position. When you turn the handles, they in turn, move the quill or the spindle and the chuck vertically and parallel to the column or the pillar alignment. Of course, the head run via a powerful induction motor.

This tool boasts a vertically adjustable table. You could adjust it or move it using the rack and pinion, if you are indeed using the latest drill press tool. As you perhaps know already, the older models do not support this efficient table movement style. The technician has to lift and clamp the table again in a position he or she wants. Some styles allow the user to rotate the table perpendicular to the drill pillar. Others allow the user to alter the position from the spindle axis.

Another common term is the throat distance, which is the distance from the mid-section of the spindle to the nearest pillar edge. Usually, when you want to estimate the size of your drill press, you must determine the swing. This is normally the throat distance multiplied by two. Why should you use the drill press? The tool has many benefits to it. These are:

• This drill, mechanically, makes work easier. This is because the chuck and spindle movement occurs via a lever mechanism on a rack and pinion. The user will therefore apply less effort to work with the drill. The case would differ if a person uses the handheld drill instead.

• The table availability ensures the user to clamp it to make the work he or she is doing more secure.

• It drills holes accurately and consecutively. This is because of the spindle’s perfect alignment in proportion to the table.

The system has a stepped pulley arrangement, which facilitates the speed control by moving the belt across it with hands. The modern drills use different motors with variable speeds, plus a stepped pulley mechanism. This is why they work quickly and accurately. Some other tools use a spur gear system to drive the drill head by transferring the energy from the central motor to the spindle. This type of a drill press tool does not have any belts to reduce the negative effects of friction.

Small sided games and soccer drills can be varied greatly by adding a few extra rules to condition the players. Conditions can be used to make the drills harder or easier depending what you want the outcome to be.

However, if you want to condition your players differently it’s important to have a variety of rules that you can implement.

Here are five of the ten variations we prefer that you can use in your next training session.

One Touch

Quite simply, players only have one touch. Do not allow your players to trap the ball or control then pass. They must play the ball first time.

This means they must be constantly aware of where their team mates are, move their feet quickly to get in line with the ball flight and they must decide where they are going to play the ball before they receive it.

This rule forces players to think quickly and anticipate the ball. When using this condition reiterate the key coaching points of thinking ahead, sound decision making, head up & vision, quick movement and communication.

Two Touch

Here the condition limits the players to a maximum of two touches.

A player is allowed to control the ball with their first touch but they must play the ball with their second touch.

The extra time that they are allowed on the ball, even though brief, allows them to evaluate their options and focus more on anticipation. Supporting team mates also need to think ahead and use good movement to create space and be available for the ball.

When using this condition, specifically watch and give feedback on the player’s first touch as this will determine to a great extent what options they have thereafter.

Three (or a Specified Number of Touches)

Giving players more touches doesn’t necessarily make the games or drills easier. For example, we might condition our players to five touches. That means they must be able to control the ball, get their head up, look for space, dribble, shield and bring other players into the game.

Ball Height – Below Knee Height

I like the quote from Brian Clough…”If God had meant football to be played in the air he’d have put goals in the sky!” This condition focuses the players to keep the ball on the ground.

That means they must look for passing channels along the floor and minimizes the “hoof” football that is so prevalent!

Coach players on creating space, good movement and offering support.

Ball Height – Head Height

Allowing the players a little more flexibility and some more ball manoeuvrability allows them to lift the ball but still discourages the “hoof” or “long ball all the time” soccer.

Again, creating space, movement and offering support should all be key components when imposing this condition.